ontemporary on Julius Caesar, i.e., well-known in classical Roman history consul Brutus. The reader qualified in ancient history can, of course recall here also the second known Brutus in Roman history, who acted allegedly about 6th c.B.C. in Rome. He expel ed the Roman kings from the capital and founded the Roman republic. But this historical epoch is in reality another chronological duplicate (copy), reflection of the epoch of Julius Caesar. It was discovered in [1],[24]. Consequently, the attempt to identify the Brutus = the first king of Britts - with "another Brutus" - fails. We again come to the epoch of Julius Caesar (1st century A.D. according to traditional chronology). Let us recall here, that according to chronological results, obtained in [1],[24], the epoch of Julius Caesar is in reality the duplicate (reflection) of the epoch of 10-11th cc.A.D. The reader can ask us: why we discuss in such details such evident question (the identification of Brutus - the first king of Britts - with Brutus of Caesar's epoch)? Our answer is as follows. This our statement is mortally dangerous to the traditional chronology of England (and not only England). This is the explanation why the traditional historians try to avoid any serious discussion about the assertion of English chronicles, that Brutus was Roman consul and that Britts are the descendants of Romans. In particular, the modern commentators of Nennius and Galfridus (A.S.Bobovich and M.A.Bobovich) irritatedly write: "The (medieval - Auth.) idea to deduce the origin of Britts from Romans and Trojans is not so original: already in 6th century A.D. the Frank's rulers deduced their origin from Trojans (and, in our opinion, they were right, see the discussion about this subject in [1],[24] - Auth.)" ([9],p.270). And then commentators add carefully: "There are several Brutus in Roman history". They do not continue and do not discuss this remark, and now we realize - why. If you start to analyse the "Brutus' problem", you (as we demonstrated above) will make the inevitable (and catastrophic for traditional chronology) conclusion that "English Brutus" was the contemporary of Julius Caesar. BUT WHY THIS CONCLUSION US SO DANGEROUS? At first, because in this case the so called "ancient legendary British history" is immediately moved upwards by approximately 1000-year shift in the epoch of 1-13th A.D. and moreover, in 10-15th cc.A.D. Such corollary, of course, is completely unacceptable (and totally fantastic) to any modern traditional historian. But there are some another, sufficiently more dangerous corollaries. About this - our next section. 5.3. Biblical events in English chronicles The "Historia Britonum" of Galfridus Monemutensis is strung on the pivot of biblical history. This means that sometimes, when speaking about the events of British history, Galfridus inserts the phrases similar to this: In Judea the prophet Samuel ruled at this time ([9],p.20). These rare phrases are scattered along the chronicle and form the rough (and very brief) skeleton of biblical history of prophets and biblical kings, which is closely interwoven with the stream of British history. But, by the way, Galfridus does not give any absolute dates. His chronology is completely relative, i.e., he tells only - in the time of which biblical kings (or prophets) were occurred some of British events. Thus, when analyzing the English chronology in a unprejudiced way, we meet the necessity to start the analysis of biblical chronology also. Let us do it and we will see what we will obtain. The evident identification of "English Brutus" with well-known Brutus from the epoch of Julius Caesar, is impossible for traditional historian because in this case the whole biblical chronology is automatically moved from its traditional place (in time) upwards by about at least 1000-year shift ! In reality this shift will be sufficiently more: about 1800 years! See [1],[24]. Indeed, if "English Brutus" (the forefather of Britts) is placed in 1st century B.C., then, according to the "Historia Britonum" of Galfridus Monemutensis, ALL BASIC EVENTS OF BIBLICAL HISTORY should be distributed on time axis from 1st century A.D. until 13th century A.D. Here we mean: the history of all biblical prophets, the history of the kingdom of Judah and the kingdom of Israel et cetera. On the face of it, such conclusion is completely impossible! Traditionally, biblical history is dated from 11th century B.C. until 1st century A.D. But if we will wait a little and will try nevertheless to place ancient biblical history on the interval from 1st century A.D. until 13th century A.D. - what we obtain? It turns out that this procedure does not lead to the contradiction with ancient evidences of ancient texts. We suggest to the reader to take the books of Fomenko [1],[24], where you can find the details. Here we demonstrate only one, but remarkable example. 5.4. Do we interpret ancient texts in a proper way? Problem of vowels restoration. In the attempt to read and date the most of the ancient manuscripts (ancient Egyptian, ancient Slavonic, biblical et cetera) certain basic problems are frequently encountered. As soon as J.Sunderland started investigating the original language of the Old Testament, he, in his words, "...faced the fact of enormous and even startling importance. The thing is that the Jewish written language originally had neither vowels nor signs replacing them. The books of the Old Testament were written only with consonants" ([16], p. 155). This is also typical for other languages. For example, an ancient Slavonic text was a chain of only consonants, too; sometimes even without signs replacing the vowels, or without division into words. Old Egyptian texts were also written in consonants only. According to well-known chronologist E.Bickerman, "...the names of Egyptian kings are given in contemporary literature schematically, in a quite arbitrary, so-called scholastic manner adopted in school textbooks. These forms are often greatly different from each other; it is impossible to order them somehow, due to their arbitrary reading (! - Authors.) which became traditional" ([17], p.176). Probably, the rarity and high cost of writing materials in ancient times made the scribes save them, and omit the vowels, thereby essentially shortening the text. J.Sunderland continues: "However, if we take the Jewish Bible or a manuscript today, we shall find in them the skeleton of vowels filled with dots and other signs denoting the missing vowels. These signs did not belong to the old Jewish Bible. The books were read by consonants, and the intervals were filled with vowels according to one's skill and the apparent requirements of the context and oral legends" ([16], p. 155). Imagine how exact the meaning of a word written in consonants can be if, for example, CLN can mean clean, clan, colon, and so forth. According to T.Curtis, even for the priests, the content of manuscripts remained extremely doubtful and could be understood only by means of the authority of the legend ([16], p. 155). It is assumed that this serious short-coming of the Jewish Bible had been eliminated not earlier that the 7th or 8th century A.D., when the Massoretes revised the Bible and added signs replacing the vowels; but they had no manuals, except their own reason, and a very imperfect legendary tradition ([16], p. 156-157). Well-known expert S.Driver adds that, since the times of the Massoretes in the 7th-8th century A.D., the Jews have taken to keeping their sacred books with extraordinary care, but then it was too late to repair the damage already done. The result of such attentiveness was just the immortalization of the distortions, which were then placed on exactly the same level of authority with the original text ([16], p.157). J.Sunderland: "The opinion reigning earlier was that the vowels had been introduced into the Jewish text by Ezra in the 5th century A.D. But in the 16th and 17th century, E.Levita and J.Capellus in France refuted this opinion and proved that th vowels had been introduced only by the Massoretes. The discovery created a sensation in the whole of Protestant Europe. Many people believed that the new theory would lead to disproving the religion completely. If the vowels were not a matter of Divine Revelation, but only a human invention, besides, a much later one, then how could we rely on the text of the Scripture? This discussion was one of the hottest in the history of the new biblical criticism and proceeded for more than a century, stopping only when the validity of the new point of view was acknowledged by everyone" ([16], p. 157-158). 5.5. Geography and chronology of biblical events. 5.5.1. Problems with traditional geographical localizations. Even if the vowels of common words are not that important (you can easily reconstruct a well-known word from the context), the situation changes completely when combination of consonants meaning a city, country, the name of a king, etc., appears in an ancient text. Tens and hundreds of different variants of vowels for one term (word) may be found, stating the "identifications" of the biblical vowel-free names of cities, countries, and others, made by traditional historians proceeding from the chronological (and geographical) version of J.Scaliger and the localization referring the biblical events to the Near East. As the archaeologist M.Burrows notes, the archaeological job generally leads to the undoubtedly strongest creed in the reliability of biblical information (cit.from [18], p. 16). F.Kenyon of the British Museum insists as much categorically on archaeology refuting the "destructive skepticism of the second half of the 19th century" [18]. But here is unexpected information reported by the well-known archaeologist G.Wright, who, by the way, is a staunch partisan of the correctness of orthodox localization and of traditional dating biblical events. He wrote, "A great many findings do not prove or disprove anything; they fill the background and only serve as historical artifacts. Unfortunately, the desire "to prove" the Bible permeates many works available to the average reader. Historical evidences may be used in an incorrect manner, whereas the conclusions dawn are often erroneous and only half correct" ([18], p. 17). If we attentively examine the fundamental facts about the Bible discovered by N.A.Morozov [19], then we shall see that none of the books of the Old Testament contain any solid archaeological confirmation of their traditional geographical and time localization. As I.A.Kryvelev noted, the whole "Mesopotamian" biblical theory will be questioned. The traditional localization of the events described in the New Testament is no better. I.A.Kryvelev many years studied the biblical geography and chronology. He wrote, "The reader interested in biblical archaeology may be bewildered by the hundreds of pages speaking of excavations, landscapes, or artifacts, historical and biblical background. And, in the conclusion, when it comes to the results of the whole job, there are only a number of indistinct and imprecise statements about the problem not having been completely solved, but that there is still hope for the future, and so forth. We may be absolutely sure that none of the stories of the New Testament contains any somewhat convincing archaeological confirmation (in terms of the traditional localizations - Authors). This is perfectly true, in particular, if applied to the figure and biography of Jesus Christ. Not a single spot traditionally regarded as the arena of a particular event occurring in the New Testament can be indicated with the slightest degree of confidence" ([18], p. 200-201). The natural question arises: where the events of Old and New Testaments were geographically located in reality? 5.5.2. Where ancient Troy was located? In reality, considerable difficulties accompany the attempts of geographical localization of many of the ancient events and cities (not only from the Bible). For example, one of the accepted today traditional localizations of the famous city of Troy is near the Hellespont (= the sea of Helen). It is for this particular reason that Schliemann ascribed the famous name of Troy (described by Homer) to the rests of a small ancient village he excavated near the Hellespont. It is well known that today we have not any proofs of this "identification". It is assumed today, that according to traditional chronology, Troy was completely destroyed in the 12-13th century B.C. and after this was never reconstructed [17]. But, it turns out, that in the Middle Ages, Italian city Troy, which still exists today [1],[24], enjoyed widespread fame. This is celebrated medieval city which played an important role in many medieval wars; especially, in the well-known war of the 13th century. Many Byzantine historians also speak of Homer's Troy as of an existing medieval city, namely, Choniates Nicetas and Gregoras Nicephoras ([20], v. 6, p. 126). T.Livy indicates the spot named Troy and the Trojan region in Italy (Book.1). Certain medieval historians identified Troy with Jerusalem (see, for example, [21],p.88,235,162,207), which embarrasses the modern commentators: "The book of Homer somewhat suddenly turned (in the medieval chronicle, while describing Alexander's expedition to Troy - Authors)... into the book on the destruction of Jerusalem" ([21], p. 162). Let us recall that the second (well-known) name of Troy is Ilion, whereas the second name of Jerusalem is Aelia Capitolina ([19], v. 7). It is absolutely clear that in the names of these cities there is a similarity: Aelia = Ilion. The books [1] and [2] contains the data and arguments which allow to assume that Homer's Troy is the Constantinople (= New Rome), and that the Trojan War is the reflection of crusades which started from 11th c.A.D. The Constantinople was captured during crusades. Besides this, some part of the legend on Trojan War is the reflection of a real medieval war from the middle of 13th c.A.D. in Italy. The Italian city Troy was involved in this war (see [1]). The identification of the Great Troy with Constantinople follows also from the texts of crusades epoch. The chronicler Rober de Clari told that the Great Troy was located near the entrance into the "branchium Sancti Georgii" ([25],p.210). It is supposed today that this is the Dardanelles. From the other hand it is also known that another famous chronicler of the 4th crusade - Villehardouin - calls as "branchium Sancti Georgii" not only the Dardanelles but also the Bosporus! M.A.Zaborov (modern historian) notes: "Villehardouin applies the name "branchium Sancti Georgii" to the Dardanelles and to the Bosporus" ([25],p.238). Thus, the Great Troy can located also near the entrance into the Bosporus. But here we see the Constantinople! Consequently, it was completely unnecessary to search the "rests" of the Troy on a desert hills as Schliemann done. Our conjecture: the Trojan War is the reflection of the one or several crusades on the Constantinople or on Italian Troy. The well-known medieval "Novel on the Troy" of Benoit de Sainte-Maure ("Roman de Troie") was finished allegedly between 1155 and 1160 A.D. "The source of this novel is the "History of Troy destruction" written by some Dares, who was allegedly the eyewitness of Trojan War (possibly, he was one of the crusaders - Auth.). Benoit looks in the antiquity through the prism of his epoch and his reality... In his basis is the ancient Greek epos, but its personages and heroes are transformed into noble knights and beautiful ladies, and the Trojan War itself is transformed into the sequence of knight's duels... Ancient Medea is represented in his chronicle as courtier lady, whose clothing is exactly the same as the clothing of the lady of her social level in medieval France of the middle of 12th century"([10],p.235). We suggest to read the old chronicles "in direct way", without some special complex interpretations; we need to read "what is written" and not "what should be written". In this case we are forced to agree that Benoit de Sainte-Maure describes the Trojan War as the event from medieval epoch. 5.5.3. Where Moses traveled in reality? Let us return to the Bible. Many strange phenomena occur in an unprejudiced analysis of biblical geography (see detailed Morozov's analysis in [19]). That many biblical texts describe volcanic activity has been stressed in history long ago. Let us take the Bible. The Lord said to Moses, "I am now coming to you in a thick cloud... But when the ram's horn sounds (when the cloud leaves Mount Sinai - Authors), they may go up the mountain'... there were peals of thunder and flashes of lightning, a dense cloud on the mountain and a loud trumpet blast... Mount Sinai was all smoking because the Lord had come down upon it in fire; the smoke went up like the smoke of a kiln... and the sound of the trumpet grew ever louder" (Ex. 19:9, 13, 16, 18). And then: All the people saw how it thundered and the lightning flashed, when they heard the trumpet sound and saw the mountain smoking..." (Ex.20:18). "You stood... at Horeb... THe mountain was ablaze with fire to the very skies: there was darkness, cloud, and thick mist. And the Lord spoke unto you out of the midst of the fire " (Dt. 4:10-12). The destruction of biblical cities Sodom and Gomorrah has long been regarded in history to have been due to a volcanic eruption. For example: "And then the Lord rained down fire and brimstone from the skies on Sodom and Gomorrah... He saw thick smoke rising high from the earth like the smoke of a like-kiln" (Gn.19:24,28). And so on. The complete list of all apparent volcanic eruptions mentioned in the Bible was compiled by V.P.Fomenko and T.G.Fomenko (see [1],[24]). To associate (as is done traditionally) all these descriptions with Mn. Sinai = Mn. Horeb (and Jerusalem in traditional Palestine) seems doubtful; it is generally known that it has never been a volcano. Where did the events occur then? It suffices to study the geological map of the Mediterranean area to obtain immediately the unique answer. There are no acting volcanoes in the Sinai peninsula, Syria, or Palestine; there are only zones of tertiary and quaternary volcanism, as, for example, near Paris. In the above-mentioned regions, where the biblical events are traditionally located, no volcanic activity has been discovered in historical epoch since the birth of Christ. Besides, Egypt and North Africa have no volcanoes. The only powerful, and by the way, acting volcanic zone, is Italy together with Sicily. Thus, according to the Bible, we have to find 1) a powerful volcano active in the historical era; 2) a destroyed capital (see the book of the Prophet Jeremiah) near the volcano; 3) two other cities destroyed by the volcano, namely, Sodom and Gomorrah. There exists such a volcano in the Mediterranean, and it is unique, namely the famous Vesuvius, one of the most powerful volcanoes in history. Famed Pompeii (biblical "capital"?) and two destroyed cities Stabiae (Sodom?) and Herculaneum (Gomorrah?) are located nearby. We cannot but mention a certain similarity in the names of these Italian and biblical towns. It is possible that the name of Sinai for Vesuvius originates from the Latin Sino (sinus), and biblical Horeb from the Latin horribilis (horrible). The following analytic study worth mentioning, which permits to read the vowel-free text of the Bible, was performed by Morozov in [19]. It took into account placing Mt.Sinai=Horeb=Sion in Italy. We illustrate by several examples. The Bible speaks: "The Lord our God spoke to us at Horeb and said, "You have stayed on this mountain long enough; go now, make for all KNN (Canaan)..." (Dt.1:6-7). The theologians supply the Hebrew KNN with vowels Canaan and place it in the desert on the Dead Sea coast, but another solution is also possible, namely, KNN = GENUA (Italian Genoa). The Bible continues: "All KNN (Canaan) and the LBN (Lebanon)..." (Dt. 1:7). The theologians restore the Hebrew LBN with vowels as Lebanon; however lebanon means "white", i.e., the same as Mont Blanc, or White Mountain. Famous mountain in Europe. "As far as the great river, the PRT" (Dt. 1:7). The theologians restore PRT with vowels and decipher is as Euphrates; but, there is the large tributary of the Danube, the Prut, located in central Europe, as beyond Mont Blanc. "Then we set out from Horeb... and marched through that vast and terrible wilderness" (Dt. 1:19). In fact, the famous Phlegraei, vast and burnt-out spaces filled with small volcanoes, fumaroles, and solidified lava streams are located near Vesuvius=Horeb. "And so we came to KDS-BRN" (Dt. 1:19). KDS-BRN is traditionally supplied with vowels as Kadesh-Barnea, which is, from the other hand, possibly, a town on the Rhone ([19], v. 2, p. 166). It is also possible that modern Geneva was meant as "town on the Rhone". "And we spent many days marching round the hill-country of Seir" (Dt. 2:1). Mount Seir was left here without translation; however, if it is translated, we obtain Devil's Mountain(s). And there is such a mountain near Lake Geneva, namely Le Diableret ("Devil's Mountain"). Then, the "Children of Lot" (Dt. 2:9) met on the way can be evidently identified with the Latins ( = LT). "And cross the gorge of the Arnon" (Dt. 2:24). In the canonical translation we see Arnon (RNN). But,this is the Italian river Arno existing up to now! "Next we... advances... to Bashan" (Dt. 3:1). The town Bashan (Bassan) is often mentioned in the Bible. It is surprising that town Bassano still exists in Lombardy. "King of Bashan... came out against us at Edrei" (Dt.3:1). Adria is still here, on the Po delta; the Po, by the way, has often been mentioned by ancient Latin authors (e.g., Procopius) and called the Jordan (in Procopius' Eridanus), which is very consistent with the biblical spelling of the Jordan, namely hay-yarden (JRDN) ([19], v. 2, p. 167). "And we captured all his cities... sixty cities..."(Dt. 3:3-4). Indeed, in the Middle Ages, there were many big cities in the region: Verona, Padua, Ferrara, Bologna, and others. "From the gorge of the Arnon to Mount Hermon (HRMN)" (Dt. 3:8). But it is obvious that MNT HRMN can be supplied with vowels to be translated as the "German mountains". "Only the Og king of Bashan remained... His sarcophagus of iron may still be seen in the... city of Rabbah" (Dt. 3:11). Here is mentioned not only Ravenna (=Rabbah), but also the famous tomb of Theodoric (493-526 A.D.) of the Ostrogoths (Og = Goths?). It is clear that biblical OG means possible GOTH. There follows TBRN (Taberiah in traditional biblical translation), which is naturally identified with the Tiber in Italy; ZN is Siena, southeast of Livorno. The slopes of Monte Viso are called Jebus (Jgs. 19:10-11) in the Bible, and Rome is called Ramah (Jgs. 19:14). And so on. As we see, the shift of some biblical events from "the deep antiquity" in the medieval epoch does not contradict with the ancient text of the Bible (without vowels). Thus, now we can continue our analysis of English history. 5.6. Why English chronicles suggested that both Russia and England were located on islands? The fact that modern England is located on the island, does not surprise us. But Russia!? There are no geographical reasons to think that Russia is the island! But nevertheless, for example the well-known chronicler Benoit de Sainte-Maure in his "Chronicle of the dukes of Normandy" [22] speaks, that There exists an ISLAND called Cansie (or Canzie), and I think that this is Rosie (in another copy of the manuscript - Russie - Auth.), which is surrounded by the great salty sea. And they (the people of Russie - Auth.) fly out as great swarm of bees, and their number is thousands; and they... can attack the great kingdoms and take the great procurement and they can win and conquer. Here the original text: "Une isle i a par non Cancie (Canzie in manuscript B - see [10],p.240), e si crei bien que c'est Rosie (Russie in manuscript B, see [10],p.240), qui est de la grant mer salee de totes parz avironnee. Dunc autresi com les euetes de lor diverses maisonnetes gitent essains granz e pleners, ou moct a nombres e millers, ou com de ceus qui sunt irie' sunt en estor glaive sachie', tost e isnel d'ire esbrasez, trestot eissi e plus assez seuct icil poples fors eissir por les granz rennes envair e por faire les granz ocises, les granz gaaiz e les conquises." Russia is called here Rosie or Russie. If we look in the table of medieval names, titles and their duplicates (see above), we will see that here the chronicler really speaks about Russia. V.I.Matuzova (who included this text in her book "English Medieval Texts") comments this fragment as follows: "Rosie is Russia. The report that Russia is an ISLAND is similar to another such reports..."([10],p.244). And then Matuzova quotes another medieval authors who were confident that Russia is an ISLAND (in particular, some Arabian and Persian chroniclers; but, by the way, it is not so clear - where they lived in reality, may be in Spain?). It is supposed sometimes today that Cancie is Scandinavia. But Scandinavia also is not an island! By the way, the "Chronicle of Monastery of Saint Edmund" (13th c. A.D.) is also convinced that Russia is located on an island, because reports that Tartars rushed on Hungary FROM ISLANDS ([30], and also [10],p.100-101). How we can explain it? The simplest way - to accuse the authors of 12th century that they were completely ignorant (this is the standard explanation in modern historical textbooks and this idea allows to the modern historians simply to "close the problem"). But another explanation is also possible. English word island means today the piece of land surrounded by a sea. But may be in the medieval epoch this word had also another meaning? Our conjecture: it was Asia-Land, i.e., the Land located in Asia. Without vowels we have: asialand = SLND, and island = SLND. This is the same word! Then all things immediately fit in their "correct places". Russia really can be considered (from the Western point of view) as far Asian Land = island. Large part of Russia belongs to the Asia. Consequently, medieval chroniclers were quite right when we talked about Island Russia. They were not so ignorant as it is supposed today. Let us repeat once more our conjecture: the word island had two meanings in the past: piece of land surrounded by a sea, and Asia-Land. But in this case the natural question arises (as the flash). If the ancient English authors speaking about island Russia, assumed that they speak about Asia-Land Russia, then we do not see any obstacles to assume that when they told bout island Anglia, they also speak about Asia-Land Anglia. And only after this, in a new epoch, the word island Anglia become to be considered only as island Anglia in a modern sense (piece of land surrounded by sea). We saw the remarkable parallel between English history and Byzantine history. But Byzantine Empire really was Asia-Land for Western chroniclers. And only in the next epoch (when Byzantine chronicles were transported in England and were inserted into English history) the Asia-Land Anglia was transformed into Island Anglia. Thus, were was located the land Anglia-Britain in 10-12th cc. A.D.? This is complicated question. To get the answer we have unique way - to take the old English chronicles. Our answer will be as follows: Anglia-Britain of 10-12th cc.A.D. was Byzantine Empire. 5.7. Where was the land Britain which was conquered by Brutus located? In what direction his fleet cruised? On the face of it, the answer on this absurd question is completely evident: on the same place where England-Britain is located today. But let us not to hurry. Let us recall after "accidental murder of his father", Brutus was expelled from Italy. He went to the Greece ([9],p.7). Here Brutus fixed the ancient relationship and he was staying among Trojans ([9],p.7). The period of wars in Greece started at this time. These wars are described by Galfridus in many details. Then Brutus organized the army and fleet and after this started the campaign-cruise. It is supposed today that his fleet went in Atlantic ocean and then arrived in modern England. Is it true? May be the chronicles describe in reality the military operations inside Mediterranean sea and on the territory of Greece and Byzantine Empire? For example, Brutus' army arrived in Sparatin. Modern commentary: "Location is unknown" ([9],p.230). Of course, you cannot find Sparatin if you assume that Brutus travel far from Mediterranean sea. But if these events occurred in Greece, then you do not need to search Sparatin, because this is well-known Sparta. Then Galfridus describes the path of Brutus' fleet which is considered today as a "proof" that Brutus really went in Atlantic and then arrived in modern England. But we see suddenly from modern comments that it turns out that Galfridus "repeat the mistake containing in his source - namely, in "Historia Brittonum" of Nennius, who made the mistake because of erroneous reading of Orosius' chronicle..."([9],p.231). Moreover, then it turns out that "following to Nennius, Galfridus ERRONEOUSLY placed Tyrrhenian Sea BEHIND Gibraltar. We recall that Tyrrhenian Sea is BEFORE Gibraltar because is a part of Mediterranean Sea near Western coast of Italy" ([9],p.231). But we are sure that here - no mistake! Galfridus was right because he describes in reality some complicated military movements INSIDE Mediterranean Sea, in particular, near Italy, where you can see Tyrrhenian Sea. Brutus' fleet did not pass in the Atlantic Ocean! Modern historians try to accuse Galfridus (and other chroniclers) in some "mistakes" only because historians try to adjust their modern "traditional" chronological and geographical concepts with real evidences of real medieval texts. Of course, a lot of contradictions appear. All these contradictions are considered today as "the fault of medieval authors". Then Galfridus describes the battle between Brutus' army and Greeks on the Akalon (Acalon) river ([9],p.8). The modern commentary is as follows: "This name is, possibly, the fantasy of Galfridus... E.Pharal is his book formulated the idea that this description of Greek's defeat during the battle with Trojans near Acalon river, was taken by Galfridus from the story of Etien de Blua about the defeat of TURKS during the battle with CRUSADERS near "Moscolo" river at March 1098 A.D." ([9],p.230). Consequently, here we can penetrate through the thick cover of traditional plaster into the real contents of the Galfridus chronicle. He describes in reality (following to some old documents) the epoch of the First Crusade in the end of 11th c.A.D. in Byzantine Empire. Thus, we can assume that Brutus' campaign = Julius Caesar's campaign is the reflection of well-known crusade in the end of 11th c.A.D. The conquest of Britain is shifted from the 1st c.B.C. into the 11th c.A.D. (about 1000-year shift !). This fact confirms the discovered parallel ("identification") between Roman-Byzantine history of 10-15th cc.A.D. and old English history starting, allegedly, in 1st c.B.C. See above. After some time they (Brutus' fleet) arrived to "the island which was called Albion" ([9],p.17). Modern commentary: Albion = Al'bania - one of the early (old) names of Britain or the part of it, which was appeared in ancient sources" ([9],p.232). When speaking about Britain, Galfridus very often uses its second equivalent name: Al'bania ([9],p.19). Thus, Britain = Al'bania. Let us refuse now to follow the traditional historical version which identifies persistently the Anglia of 10-12th cc. A.D. with the modern island. Then we immediately recognize the modern name Albania (located on the territory of medieval Byzantine Empire) in this Galfridus' term Al'bania. Thus, Galfridus places the medieval Britain on the territory of medieval Byzantine Empire. The name Albania or Al'bania was slightly transformed into Albion later (occasionally or, possible, deliberately), when somebody decided to erase the evident traces of Byzantine origin of the old English chronicles. 5.8. With whom Brutus fights while conquering of Britain = Albania? After landing on the coast of Albania (later Albion), "Brutus named the island Britain using his own name, and named his fellows Britts" ([9],p.17). By the way, transformation of the Asia-Land Albania into island Albion (as a piece of land surrounded by sea) can be supported and partially explained because of the reason that Brutus arrived into Albania with his fleet, i.e., after sea expedition. And in some texts the landing on the coast of Byzantine Empire was transformed into the landing on the coast of some island. With whom meets Brutus after landing? With giants. We think that here chronicle means different great nations which lived in Byzantine Empire and possibly formed some individual dependent or independent states. "Among these giants was one especially disgusting, abominable, who was called Goemagog" ([9],p.17-18). This "giant" was (according to Galfridus) extremely powerful and terrible. Brutus' army meets in battle with 12 giants (among them - Goemagog). Initially, Britts were defeated. But then they "won and killed all the giants except of Goemagog" ([9],p.18). The battle with Goemagog continues and in the end Britts won. Let us stop for a moment and think a little. What tells us Galfridus in his poetic chronicle (of course, he was based on some old real documents). 1) About the victory of Britts. In other words, as we think, - about the victory of crusaders who conquered Byzantine Empire. 2) About one of the most dangerous their enemies - some Goemagog. The modern commentary: "Galfridus combined in one name two ones: Gog and Magog" ([9],p.232). The modern historian, the commentator of Galfridus chronicle, noted that the nations Gog and Magog are frequently mentioned in the Bible (in Revelation, in Ezekiel). For example, in the biblical book Ezekiel we can see the following text about these terrible and powerful nations: "Set thy face against Gog, the land of Magog, the chief prince of Rosh, Meshech and Tubal...Gog shall come against the land of Israel..." (Ezekiel, 38:2-3,18). According to the Bible, death and destruction carry these nations. Remark. In some English publications of the Bible the word "Rosh" is omitted! Why? About the hordes of Gog and Magog with fear speaks the biblical book of Revelation: "Satan shall be loosed out of his prison, and shall go out to deceive the nations... Gog and Magog, to gather them together to battle: the number of whom is as the sand of the sea" (Revelation, 20:7-8). The modern historian tells us: "Late the people fantasy transformed Gog and Magog into spiteful, malicious giants. In London starting from the Middle Ages there are two monuments - the figures of Gog and Magog (near entrance to the City, today near town hall" ([9],p.232). These two medieval nations are well-known and are identified according to some medieval chroniclers with Goths and Mongols. In 13th c.A.D. Hungarians considered Gog and Magog as Tartars ([9],p.174). All these facts forced us to move the events described by Galfridus into Byzantine Empire (or in neighboring countries). From the other hand it is impossible do not mention about the following important remark. The Moscow kingdom, according to the old Russian legend, which can be found in Russian textbooks until 19th century, "was founded by biblical patriarch Mosoh". This legend explains why Moscow is called in Greek as Mosha (Moska). When the Moscow kingdom was founded? The reader gives the answer immediately: the first note in chronicles about Moscow is dated by 1147 A.D. Because the Bible speaks about Gog, the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal, N.A.Morozov formulated an interesting question: "Is it true that the Russian MUZHIK (man, fellow) = Rosh-Meshech was reflected in this famous biblical fragment, as the founder of Russia-Muzhikovii ? Then, after the filtration of the sound ZH through the Greek language, where this sound is transformed into S, this word was returned again into Russia as "Russia-Moscow".' ([19],vol.2,p.579). Morozov wrote: "Any kind of interpretation for these fragment from the Bible leads you to the historical epoch of Mongolian period in Russian history, i.e., to the epoch starting from 1227, when Mongol Batu (Batyi) becomes the ruler (king) of Moscow. When we agree with this point of view, then all things become very natural..." ([19],vol.2,p.615). We realize that for the reader who is not acquainted with the history of chronological problems and with the books of Morozov [19], Fomenko [1],[24] and Fomenko, Kalashnikov, Nosovskij [3], some of our ideas sound sometimes strange. Nevertheless, from the other hand, as can see the reader, all these ideas are produces by the formal logical analysis of the old English chronicles. Thus, if we return to the Galfridus chronicle, we are forced to formulate the corollary: during the landing on the coast of Byzantine Empire in 11th c.A.D. the Brutus' army meets with several large nations, and among them are Goths, Mongols and Russians. It is quite natural for 11th c.A.D. because of an important role which play these nations at this time in medieval Europe and Asia. 5.9. With whom Julius Caesar fights while conquering of Britain = Albania? Let us remind that the Brutus' epoch is simultaneously the Julius Caesar's epoch. If so, the military operations of Brutus should be reflected in the texts speaking about the same operations but from the Caesar's camp. Galfridus, when finishing the Brutus' story, and passing several centuries along time-axis, comes finally to Caesar's epoch. Then he started to repeat the same "Brutus' story", but, of course, from different point of view. Galfridus: "As it was mentioned in Roman history, Julius Caesar (after victory in Gallia) appeared on the coast of Rutheni. Looking from there on the island Britain, he asked his fellows, - what about this country and which nation lives here" ([9],p.37). It is quite clear to the trained reader that, according to the opinion of modern historians, Galfridus again demonstrates here his medieval ignorance. The modern commentary to this fragment of Galfridus' text is as follows: "Rutheni are the Gall nation lived in Aquitaine (southern-western Gallia). It is impossible "to view" Britain from there, and consequently, Rutheni appeared in Galfridus text erroneously" ([9],p.238). Who are Rutheni? The reader can take again the dictionary of medieval names and their duplicates (see Matuzova [10]) and he will obtain the answer immediately: Rutheni are Russians. Really: ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE: RISSIANS: Susie, Russii, Russie, Dogi (!), Ruissie, Rugi (!), Rusia, RUTHENI (!), Russia, Rusceni. RUTHENIA, RUTENEA, Ruthia, RUTHENA, Ruscia, Russcia, Russya, Rosie. It is well-known that Russian army several times took part in the military operations on Byzantine territory, in particular, they attacked the Constantinople. Thus, in the Middle Ages Russian forces really occupied some Byzantine regions. And it was quite possible "to view" the Albania = Britain = Byzantine Empire from there. Thus, our conjecture is as follows. Rutheni mentioned in old English chronicles during the Julius Caesar's conquest of Albania = Britain - are the Russians of 10-12th cc.A.D. Later these Rutheni were shifted along the geographical map in Western direction, when the old English chronicles were taken from Byzantine Empire into modern island England. As a result of such artificial displacement (shift) the name Rutheni appeared on the map of Gallia (in France). Consequently, real Rutheni were "doubled, duplicated". Then the initial, original location of real Rutheni was forgotten among the English chroniclers. Let us note the important idea. When the Byzantine chronicles were transported from the East to the West (and were inserted in the history of modern island Britain), this shift also generated the "geographical shift" of many names and titles which were initially located in Byzantine Empire and around it. Rutheni (= Russians) are only one of these examples. We will demonstrate below some another examples. Let us return to Julius Caesar in Galfridus' description. The fleet of Caesar invades into Albania = Britain. Here he starts the battle with Britts ([9],p.38), then defeats them and conquest the country. Let us stop for a moment and ask the question: who are Britts in 10-12th cc.A.D.? Traditional explanation is as follows: Britts are the descendants of Brutus. This "explanation" explains nothing. Basing on our experience, we can suspect that "Britts" of 10-12th cc.A.D. is some real nation of Middle Ages living in some part of Byzantine Empire. We do not need to search too long. The answer is on the surface. An important part of Roman-Byzantine Empire is Romania = Rumania, and also Bulgaria. Here you can see the well-known river Danube with large afflux Prut = PRT (without vowels) or = BRT. In the epoch of crusades the Byzantine Empire was the collection of several feudal states. One of the important nations, which were represented here (as crusaders), were Germans and Prussians. Let us put the question: which name was used by medieval English chroniclers for Prussians? The immediate answer is given by the same dictionary by Matuzova [10]: PRUSSIA: Prurenia (!), (P-Rutenia = P-Russia), PRUSSI (Prussians): Prateni, Pruteni, Pructeni, Prusceni, Praceni, Pruceni. Thus, the medieval sources call the Prussians as Pruteni = PRTN. It is possible that here we see the medieval BRT = Britts = Brits, described by Galfridus. Thus, it is possible that Julius Caesar was at war with medieval Prussians = Pruteni. In particular, Britain = BRTN (in 10-12th cc.A.D.) coincides with RRTN = Pruneti = Prussia ! Thus, one of the large regions in Byzantine Empire, namely, - occupied by Prussians = Pruteni, - gave the name for Britain = Prutenia. But another answer is also possible. According to the Abglo-Saxon Chronicle, the British language is the language Welsh ([2],p.3). But Welsh is evidently Vlachi = Blachi and, according to the Matuzova's dictionary, denotes the Thurki = Turci = Turks. If so, in some cases the Britts can be identified with Turks (at least in some medieval chronicles). But this identification again leads us to the Byzantine Empire as the location of early English history. We hope that we gave the reasonable answer of the natural question: With whom Julius Caesar fights while conquering of Britain = Albania? 5.10. Where was London located in 10-11th cc. A.D.? Trained reader waits with answer because suspects (and it is reasonable) that correct answer can be completely unexpected. And we continue to read the old English chronicles which give us the correct answers on the all such questions. But we need to read "what is written" and not "what should be written". The second formula is sometimes the point of view of modern historical Scaliger's tradition which is in the basis of a modern textbook on ancient history. Galfridus: "When finishing with the division of the kingdom, Brutus decided to built a new town-capital... He founded the town and called it NEW TROY (! - Auth.). The town preserved this name during many years and then, because of distortion the initial title, the name was transformed into TRINOVANT. After this, Lud... who fighted with Julius Caesar,... ordered to call the town CAERLUD which means "Town of Lud" (the word Caer = Cair means simply "town", see details below - Auth.). It was the cause of a great conflict between Lud and his brother Nennius, because Nennius was not agree with Lud who wanted to forget the initial name TROY" ([9],p.18). And then: "The title was distorted and was transformed into Caerludein, then into Lundene and finally, into Lundres" ([9],p.37). The modern commentary: "Trinovant is today the city London" ([9],p.232). Thus, the old English chronicles states that: New Troy = Trinovant = Lud = Lundene = London. Here we recall that according to the analysis in [1],[24], the NEW TROY of 10-11th cc.A.D. is New Rome = Constantinople. As we have mentioned above, the most known historical version states that "the Troy of Homer" is "somewhere near" the Constantinople = Istanbul. Schliemann wrongly spent a lot of his time for senseless "excavations of the Troy" (he discovered not the Troy). It was sufficient simply to point out on the Constantinople = future Istanbul. This idea is in a nice correspondence with all previous results which give the Byzantine location for initial old events of English history. Thus, Galfridus possibly tells us about the 1st crusade of 1099 A.D. As the result of crusade, the new capital was founded - NEW TROY = future Constantinople. Let us attract the attention of the reader to the following remarkable fact. There exists a well-known town TYRNOVO in Bulgaria. But this name is similar to the name TRINOVANT and means simply TROY NEW, i.e., TROY NEW = TyrNovo. It becomes clear that the name Trinovant was initially appeared in Byzantine Empire, on the Balkan Peninsula, in the Slavonic region and its initial meaning was NEW TROY. In English the word new means the same as Slavonic nova or new. Thus, one the initial names of LONDON was TROY NEW (its trace is Tyrnovo in Bulgaria). It is interesting that Galfridus states the same, when he tells us about transformation of the name NEW TROY into TRINOVANT. In reality, this is not a transformation, but simply the transposition of two words: Troy and New inside the joint title. It is clear also, that "town Lud" means simply "town LD" or "town LT", i.e. = "town of Latins" = "Latin town". The appearance of the name LT in old English chronicles is quite natural: in the epoch of crusades in 1204 A.D. the new LATIN EMPIRE was appeared on the territory of Byzantine Empire. Latin Empire gave its name to the capital: LATIN TOWN, i.e. Caer-Lud (Cair-Lud). Nennius tells us that word "Cair" means in old Britts' language "Town" ([8],p.190). Identification of New Troy = London with Constantinople follows also from the following fact. As we saw, New Troy was called later Cair-Lud or Caer-Lud. But Caer or CR (without vowels) sounds also, for example in Slav languages, as ZR because of often oscillation between C and Z. Thus, CR or ZR is evidently ZAR (czar = zar which means "king", "ruler"). Slavonic name for Constantinople was ZAR-GRAD, which means "king-town". Thus, CAER-LUD = ZAR-LUD, i.e. "king-town of Latins" (Latin king town). This is exactly Constantinople = ZAR-GRAD in Slav language. Trained reader expects that the whole this story of Galfridus (about origin of London's name) the modern historical science claims as wrong and erroneous: The Galfridus' information about the history and origin of the name London (from the name of Lud) is wrong. The antique authors (Tacitus, Ammian Marcellinus) call this town Londinium or Lundinium. The real history of the name of London is disputable" ([9],p.237). Thus, after the 1st crusade in 1099 A.D. some chronicles called the New Rome as NEW TROY. Then, after the foundation in 1204 A.D. the Latin Empire the capital was called also (or was renamed?) LATIN TOWN, i.e., Caer-Lud and finally, LONDON. This name was then transported into island England when some of Byzantine chronicles were moved in this direction (after the fall of Constantinople in 1204 A.D. or 1453 A.D.). Nennius listed in his chronicle "the names of all towns which exist in Britain, and their number is 28" ([8],p.190). The modern commentary: "Cair means Town in Britts' language" ([8],p.283). We can note here that the capital of Egypt is Cairo. Consequently, we see again, that in Britts' language the clear "Eastern trace" was remained. May be, this fact indicates the Eastern origin of initial old English history. Galfridus tells us that New Troy ( = London) was founded on the Thames river ([9],p.18). We think that initially "Thames river" was one of the name for the Bosporus, where Constantinople is located. The Bosporus sound (strait) is really very long, sufficiently thin, and was represented on the old geographical maps as large river. Schliemann, by the way, decided to place "his Troy" also in this region, namely - in the end of another long and thin strait (sound) - the Dardanelles, which is close to the Bosporus. Today the name of the "London river" is Thames. But because all these events are happened in the East, we need to remember that here some people read the text in opposite direction: from the right to the left (in Europe: from the left to the right). The word SOUND (= strait) without vowels is SND and after opposite reading is DNS. Because D and T were sometimes equivalent, and the same is valid to M and N, we see that the following conjecture (equivalence) is possible: DNS = TMS, i.e. "sound" = "Thames". From the other hand, Thames is practically identical with Themis. But Themis is the name of well-known GREEK goddess of justice. 5.11. Who were scots in 10-12 cc.A.D. and were did they live? Where was Scotland located in 10-12 cc.A.D.? Scotland = Scot + Land = the Land of Scots. Scots live in Scotland - this is well-known fact. But sufficiently less is known that in old English chronicles the Scots sometimes are called Scithi, i.e., Scyths ! See, for example the manuscript F of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle ([2],p.3, comment 4). Thus, one of possible answers on the question in the title of present section is as follows: Scots = Scyths. In other words, Scotland = the Land of Scyths = Scithi-Land. Scyths lived in Scythia, which is partially identified with some regions in modern Russia. Old English chronicles call Scythia also as Scithia, Sice, Sithia, Barbaria (see [10]). Are there some "traces" of medieval name Scots (for Scyths) in modern Russia? Yes! It is known that Scyths are considered partially as the nation which cultivated the cattle. But before now the Russian term for "cattle" is SCOT. Our conjecture: the Scots mentioned in old English chronicles of 10-12th cc.A.D. are Scyths = Scithi which lived near Byzantine Empire on the territory (partially) of modern Russia. It was in 10-12th cc.A.D. Then, after transport of Byzantine chronicles into modern island Britain, the name of Scyths was also automatically shifted in modern England. And today we see in the modern England the Scyth-Land as Scot-Land. And we see again that the old English chronicle tell us about the real Byzantine history, because really Scyths of 10-12th cc.A.D. lived near Byzantine Empire. Nennius, in the section with title "About Scots when they captured Hybernia", informs us: "If somebody wants to know when... Hybernia was uninhabited, desert, then the most informed among SCOTS told me the following. When the people of Israel went from Egypt, the Egyptians who haunted Israelits (according to the Bible), were sank in the Sea. Among the Egyptians was one noble man from SCYTHIA (! - Auth.) with many relatives and with many servants. He was expelled (banished) from his native kingdom and we was in Egypt when Egyptian army was sank in the Sea... Then the survived Egyptians decided to expel him from the Egypt because they afraid that he can captures their country and to establish his power in Egypt" ([8],p.174). Then, as a result, these Scyths were expelled from Egypt, and then their fleet conquered the Hybernia. This event is considered (in Nennius' opinion) as conquest of Hybernia by Scots ([8],p.175). Thus, here we see that Nennius was sure that Scots were descended from Scyths. It is possible that here the name Hybernia was in reality applied to the Hyberia = old name of modern Georgia (or, may be to the medieval Spain). It is supposed today in historical science that medieval Hybernia = Ireland. As we expect (and this is really true), the modern historical commentary to this fragment from Nennius' chronicle is very angry: "Which Scythia is mentioned here? Bede Venerable calls the Scandinavia as Scythia. The version about "Scyths" origin of Scots was appeared because of some similarity between words "Scithia" and "Scottia" "([8],p.272). The commentator here passed over in silence that sometimes "Scots" were written in old English chronicles as "Scithi", i.e., "Scyths" and this fact is well-known to the real experts in the ancient English history. See [2]. By the way, the replacement of Scythia by Scandinavia does not help, because (as we have demonstrated above), the old English chronicles sometimes identified Cansie = Scandinavia and Russia (Rossie) (see [10]): "Cansie (or Canzie), and I think that this is Rosie (in another copy of the manuscript - Russie - Auth.)" (see the discussion above). If it was really true that in some medieval historical period the Scithia was called as Scotland (in some historical chronicles), then the great interest will obtain the following fact. As we saw, the English chronicles called Russian king (ruler) Jaroslav the Sage (Wise) as Malescold (Malescoldus) ([10],p.58). Thus, his whole title (if Scythia was Scotland) should be Scottish (or Scoth) king Malescold (or Malcolm?). But we know several medieval Scottish kings Malcolms in traditional Scotland history. May be one of them is Russian king Jaroslav the Sage who was "transported" into "island Scottish history" as a result of chronological and geographical shift? 5.12. Five original languages of ancient Britain. Which nations used these languages and where did they live in 10-12th cc.A.D.? On the first page of Anglo-Saxon Chronicle the following important information is presented: "Here in this island (i.e. in Britain - Auth.) are five languages: English, British or Welsh, Irish, Pictish, and Latin... Picts came from the south from Scythia with warships, not many, and landed at first in northern Ireland, and there asked the Scots if they mights dwell there... And the Picts asked the Scots for wives... A part of Scots went from Ireland into Britain" ([2],p.3). Is there any contradiction between these facts and our identification of old English events with events of crusades epoch of 10-12th cc. A.D. in Byzantine empire? No contradiction! Moreover, here we see certain confirmation of our conjecture. 1) Appearance of the name Anglia (English) in the old English history is quite natural - this is the evident reflection of well-known dynasty of Byzantine emperors: Angels = Angelus (1185-1204). 2) The name Latin is the reflection of Latin Empire in Constantinople (13th c. A.D.), and a little earlier - the reflection of a group of Latins who came in Byzantine Empire during crusades epoch. Then they settled here and founded several feudal states. 3-a) The name British = BRT (and its duplicate=equivalent Welsh, see [2]) also is presented in the medieval Byzantine history. This is the name of Prussians=Pruteni = PRT (see above). 3-b) The English term Welsh is also well-known in medieval Byzantine empire. It is sufficient to look in the table of Matuzova [10] to get an immediate answer: Vlach (or Blachi) = Welsh - this is Turci = Thurki = Turks. Really: Turks = Coralli, Thurki, Turci, Vlachi = Blachi, Ilac, Blac (!). The name Vlachi=Blachi or Volochi is well-known in the medieval Europe. Starting from 9th c. A.D., they lived on the territory of modern Romania = Rumania ([11],p.352) and they formed the state Valachia. It is remarkable that the another, second name for Valachia was Zara Rumanska, i.e. the Kingdom of Romania (or Rumania). The most serious influence (on the fate of the whole region) Valachia had in 14th c.A.D. The history of Valachia is closely connected with the history of Turkey. The medieval Valachia several times was in a heavy war with Turkey (with Osman Empire). In the end of 14th century and in the beginning of 15th century the rulers of Valachia became the vassals of Turkey ([11],p.356). Consequently, the names of Valachia (Welsh) and Turkey are closely connected in the whole medieval history of Byzantine Empire. Moreover, the name Vlachi is well-known in the history of Constantinople. One of the main residences of Byzantine emperors was in Vlachern Palace ([25],p.226-229). This "Palace was the favorite residence of Comnenus" ([15],p.137). Greeks called it Vlacherni. "Valachia (in the form Blakie) - is geographical name which is often used by Robert de Clari (and also by Geoffrey de Villehardouin) for the territory of Eastern Balkan" ([15],p.135). This region was called by Byzantine authors as Great Vlachia. In other words, the Great Vlachia is the part of the modern Bulgaria. Thus, the old English name Welsh points out on Balkan's Valachia of 9-15 cc. A.D., or on the Turkey, or on the whole Byzantine Empire. 4) The original (preimage) of Pictish (Picts, Pict = PCT) in Byzantine Empire is quite clear. It is well-known that the ancient name of Egypt was Copt (= CPT) or Gipt. Thus, we obtain the immediate answer: Picts - are Copts or Gipts (i.e., Egyptians). By the way, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is quite right when speaking that Picts came (in Britain - Auth.) from the country which is in the South with respect to Scithia. Really, Egypt is in the South with respect to the Scythia. 5) And finally, what about the language IRISH ? Anglo-Saxon Chronicle states that some part of Scotts came from Ireland ([2],p.3). Besides this, at least in some historical epochs we have: "Down to the time of Alfred this term Scottas refers either to the Scots of Ireland or of the Irish kingdom of Argyll" ([2],p.3, comm.5). But this means that Ireland is the part of Scot-Land. Because we have possible identification of Scots of 10-12th cc. with Scyths, then we obtain the following conjecture: language Irish is Russian (RSH = Russia), because without vowels we have RSH - RSS, "irish" and "russian" sound very closely. Consequently, in this historical epoch we have: Ireland = Ire + Land is the Russia. We realize that this possible identification of Ireland (in some historical epoch) with Russia (and consequently, identification of Scotland with Scythia), can generate a certain irritation and even indignation of some scientists. Nevertheless, we are forced to repeat once more that all these conclusions follow from the text of old English chronicles, when we read them without the restrictions generated by traditional Scaliger's chronology. By the way, may be not all readers know that the legendary English (British) king Arthur (who is one of the most famous rulers of ancient England and is placed traditionally approximately in the 5th c.A.D.) was in direct contact with the king of Russia ("and the king of Russia, the most severe of the knights"). This is the report of Layamon (the beginning of 13th century) - the author of the poem "Brut, or the Chronicle of Britain" ([23], see also [10],pp.247-248). By the way, in the time of the king Arthur the princess (or queen) of Russia was kidnaped (see [23]). When speaking about nations populated the old England, Galfridus tells us ([9],p.6): Normans, Britts, Saxs, Picts, Scots. We spoke about Britts, Picts and Scots. Now - about Normans. 6) Normans play an important role in Byzantine Empire of 10-15 cc. They took part in crusades. However, it is possible, that Normans are simply one more variant for the name Romans. If so, they are Romans - Romei, the people who lived in Roman (Byzantine) empire. 7) Now - about Saxs (Saxons). "Saxs (Saxons) - German nation lived in northern Europe, mostly on the territory near North Sea. In 5-6 centuries Britain was conquered by German tribes... Galfridus usually calls he GERMAN INVADERS by generalized name SAXS (SAXONS), but in some cases speaks about Angls (Angels)" ([9],pp.229-230). Let us compare with Byzantine history. It is well-known that Germans took part in crusades. Consequently, Saxons (Saxs) and Angls (Angels) were among the nations which invaded into Byzantine empire in 10-12 centuries. Thus, finally we see that the old English chronicles tell here not about some small nations which, as supposed today, lived many years ago on the modern island England, but about real great nations, states and empires. These great medieval nations were well-known in medieval Byzantine empire and Mediterranean region. If so, the old English chronicles describe important events in medieval world (crusades et cetera). (From traditional point of view they speak about "local events" on isolated island). And only later, after the artificial transport of some Byzantine chronicles into modern island England, this remarkable history of great events was artificially compressed, "decreased in the size" and was transformed into "small" local history on sufficiently "small area" - on the one island. 5.13. Where were located six original English kingdoms Britain, Kent, Sussex, Wessex, Essex and Mercia in 10-12 centuries.? The answer is given in the previous section. All these states (and nations) are real states (and nations) of medieval Europe in 10-12th cc. They took part in the conquest of Byzantine empire and then they created several feudal crusaders states. 1) Britain - is, most likely, Prussia = Prutenia or Turkey (= Vlachia). 2) Kent is, according to J.Blaire [6], the Saxons region = Saxonia. Let us recall that in 10-12th cc. on the German territory there exists Saxons area = Saxonia. 3) Sussex = South Saxons. 4) Wessex = West Saxons. 5) Essex = East Saxons. 6) Mercia. Possible this is again Germany or some of its part, because in the Middle Ages Germany was called Moesia and, for example, town Marburg was called Merseburg, i.e. Merse + Burg ([10],p.263). It is also possible that chronicles mean Turkey when speaking about Mercia (Mersia). See, for example, large town Mersin in Turkey on the coast of Mediterranean sea. Anyway, we see that all six old-English kingdoms of 10-12th cc. can be located in Europe around the Byzantine Empire and all of then took part in its "feudal-state organization" during crusades. And only later all these states and nations were "transported" into island England, were artificially "decreased in size" and were inserted in a modern textbooks, where they are considered today as the initial English kingdoms of 5-8th cc.A.D. 5.14. A shift of originally Byzantine map to the land of modern Great Britain resulted in duplicating of many geographical terms Let us again return to an important book of Matuzova [10] and let us analyze the information from old-English chronicles collected in [10]. It turns out that on the modern geographical map (which has its origin in medieval maps of 10-16th cc.) many geographical names are DUPLICATED, i.e., are appeared TWICE: in the West and in the East. There is an impression that somebody took the original geographical map, then shifted it in eastern direction (or, possible, in opposite - western direction) and then overlapped the shifted map onto the initial map. As a result, we see the "duplication" of many names. Now we will demonstrate the short table which represents this duplication of medieval geographical names. Our explanation is very simple. Part of the names were transported from the West to the East when crusaders invaded into Byzantine empire. They founded here several new feudal states and took with them their own prehistory and part of the old native geographical names. Another part of the names was shifted in back direction from the East to the West later when the descendants of crusaders were defeated by Turks in 15th century and returned from Byzantine empire in the Europe (the fall of Byzantine empire). Taking with them the survived documents, these people transported also some geographical names. We need also to take into account the natural psychological effect: when changing the place, people often feel sad and surround themselves by "old names". For example, you can see today on the modern map of America the names of many old European town: Moscow et cetera. Danes = Daci = Dani = Dacia = Denemearc ---- Daneis (Danube) Galatia ---- Galicia, Galli, Gallia (in France) ---- Galich (in Russia), Danube (in Europe) --- Danai, Thanais, Tanais (in Russia), Ruhr area and mountains (in Germany) --- Riffeng (Rifei = Ripheis) mountains = Urals mountains (in Russia), Bulgarians in Bulgaria ---- Bulgarians on the Volga (in Russia), Al'bania = Albion = Britain ---- Albania ---- Albania on the coast of the Caspian Sea, then Albania as a province of Great Asia, which is bounded by the Caspian Sea and spreads to the North Ocean, then Albania = Alania (in the Caucasus). Rome ---- New Rome = Constantinople, Troy (in Italy) ---- Troy in Asia ---- New Troy (Constantinople), Scots (= Scithi) in England --- Scyths in Russia and Byzantine empire, Hybernia = Ireland ---- Hybernia - Hyberia in Spain ---- Hyberia = Georgia, Ruthenia (Rutheni) in Aquitaine ---- P+Ruthenia (Prussia) ---- Rutheni as tribes in Celtic Gallia ---- Russia = Ruthenia ---- Ruteni (Rutheni) or Rutia - the province in Mesia (= Germany), Gothia = Gotia = Germany ---- Scandinavia = Gothia = Gotia, Goths and Dani ---- Scandinavians, then Gothia (Gotia) = island Gotland ---- Gotia as territory in Tavrida=Taurus, Goths lived in the Crimea, Rome-Romania ---- Rumania-Romei ---- Armenia ---- Normans, Hungaria ---- Great Hungaria ---- Minor Hungaria ---- Hunia (in the East, Hunns) ---- Hungri = Great Bashkir, Great Greece in southern Italy ---- Great Greece (modern location), Britain (= BRTN) ---- P+Ruthenia (Prussia) ---- PRT (Prut), Germany = Maesia ---- Mesia in Asia Minor = Messina ---- Messina in Sicily, Genoa (in Italy) ---- Geneva. We interrupt the list because the reader can easily continue it, using geographical maps and modern commentaries to medieval chronicles. 5.15. William I the Conqueror and Hastings battle in 1066 A.D. The fourth crusade in 1204 A.D. 5.15.1. Two well-known wars in England and Byzantine Empire have the same origin Because luck of space, we have listed above only a few "identification of events" between English and Byzantine history. But it is impossible to finish the paper without mentioning one more interesting parallel (identification): the English war of William I the Conqueror (about 1066 A.D. in traditional chronology) is the reflection of the 4th Byzantine crusade (about 1204 A.D.). We describe this parallel very briefly and hope that statisticians and historians can continue this work. As we saw above in the Fig.1 (representing the dynastic parallel between English and Byzantine history), the epoch of 4th crusade 1204 A.D. is statistically identified exactly with epoch of William I. 5.15.2. English version of William the Conqueror story Briefly speaking, the classical history of William (in traditional version) is as follows (see, for example, [7],p.343). His full name is : duke William I of Normandy, the Bastard, Conqueror, See ([2],p.197; or [7]). Edward "The Confessor" died in 1066 A.D. without sons. One of his dukes Harold II "Godwinson", king of Norway, king of English; (see [2],p.196,197), was extremely powerful, took the kingdom and nobody objected (all others were agreed to see Harold as new king). But after some time appeared William the Bastard, duke of Normandy and started to claim the throne. William said that Edward fixed him as his successor (suggested the throne). William addressed to Roman pope and succeeded in attraction of the pope on his side. Then William sent ambassadors in Germany and France asking for a help and support. As a result, William collected "a great army consisting of adventurers who came from France, Flandria, Bretan, Aquitaine, Burgundy, Apulia, Sicily... They collected for the robbery of England" ([7],p.343). William (Wilhelm) organized the large fleet for invasion into England. It is interesting that in Baye there exists the large ancient carpet (70 meters long and 50 centimeters wide) of 11th century, representing the fleet of William Conqueror. This carpet contains about 1255 images of different persons and objects. While William waited the fair wind, the Norwegians landed in the mouth of Humber river under leadership of Tostig (brother of Harold). Harold went to the enemies and defeated Tostig near York. But at the same day on a free coast the huge army of Normans was landed (near Pevensey). In spite of his wounds, Harold turned fast his army in back direction. He hurried to started the battle without waiting the reinforcement. The violent battle was happened near Hastings. Harold army was defeated and he was killed. "This victory was one of the most important in the history. The whole England was conquered by duke of Normandy (William - Auth.) who was crowned in London" ([7],p.344). The church anointment transformed William into real and legitimate king. He begins the terror, many people were declared as traitors, the landed property was confiscated. The reaction was immediate - revolts. But William suppressed all riots with extreme cruelty. His rule is considered today as very important for English history, this is "turning point", many pages of chronicles are devoted to William (see, for example, Anglo-Saxon Chronicle). William starts the Norman dynasty (dynasty from Normandy) in England. The dynasty lasts until 1154 A.D. and then is replaced by new Anjou dynasty. 5.15.3. Byzantine version of the Constantinople's conquest Let us recall now the traditional version of this important event following, for example, to [11]. The 4th crusade 1202-1204 A.D. was started with the call of Roman pope Innocent II. The campaign was finished by the conquest of Constantinople and complete change of ruling dynasty in Byzantine empire. The forth crusade is considered today as one of the most important events in European history. There are many survived documents and literary sources about this crusade, which were written, allegedly, by the direct participants of crusade (see below). Crusaders asked Venice to give them the fleet. And very soon the huge fleet with army came to the Constantinople. "The ground was the appeal of Byzantine prince Alexey to the pope and to the German emperor with asking the help. Alexey was the son of the Byzantine emperor Isaac II the Angelus, who was dethroned in 1195 A.D." ([11],p.209). Crusaders were supported by feudals of France and German empire. Roman pope also helped to crusaders. From the other hand he "forbid" them (but only verbal) to harm the Christian regions. "Thus, all powerful political parties of the medieval Europe pushed the crusaders to the conquest of Byzantine empire" ([11],p.209). It was created the special Council consisting of several noble leaders. The formal leader of crusade was Boniface Monferratio. But the head of the Council of crusade was well-known marshal Geoffroy de Villehardouin. He was "distinguished and well-known politician of crusade, he took part in all important diplomatic actions" ([15],p.125). When today somebody speaks about 4th crusade, then the first person which is immediately mentioned, is Villehardouin. He is supposed today as the author of well-known chronicle "La Conqueste de Constantinople" [26] (see details in [25]). The conjecture is that he dictated these chronicle in the end of his life. Crusaders besieged the Constantinople in 1204 A.D. and restored on the throne the emperor Isaac II the Angelus. But cannot pay them the whole amount of money which he promised for their support. Enraged crusaders captured the capital in 1204 A.D. and violently plundered the town. The large part of the city was burned, the famous temple of Saint Sofia was also plundered and its great treasures were disappeared (according to legend were transported somewhere). Crusaders founded in Constantinople the new state - Latin empire (1204-1261). Thus, the last period of Byzantine history began in 1204 A.D. This epoch was named above as Byzantine empire No. 3. The new Greek (Byzantine) dynasty starts from Theodore I Lascaris (1204-1222). His coming to the power is a direct result of 4th crusade, of the war and conquest of Constantinople. 5.15.4. A list of correspondences between events from Byzantine and English chronicles __________________________________________________________________ England (about 1066 A.D.) Byzantine empire (about 1204 A.D.) __________________________________________________________________ 1. Big war in England, which was 1. Well-known war - 4th crusade the "turning point" in the whole of 1202-1204 A.D. One of the most English history (1066 A.D.) important events in Byzantine history ------------------------------------------------------------------ 2. In 1066 A.D. begins the 2. In 1204 begins the new Latin Normans invasion into Anglia, empire (in the part of Byzantine which lasts until 1154 A.D. empire), and also begins the new Nicaea empire ------------------------------------------------------------------ 3. Normandian dynasty ends in 3. Latin empire ends in 1261 A.D., 1154 A.D., i.e., lasts about 88 i.e., lasts about 60 years years ------------------------------------------------------------------ It is clear from the Fig.1, that both dynasty (and corresponding empires) are "very similar" and become "parallel" under rigid chronological 100 (or 120)-year shift. This shift "identifies" the Byzantine epoch of 1204-1453 A.D. and Anglia epoch of 1066-- -1327 A.D. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 4. The center of these events - 4. The center of these events - the English capital = London Constantinople = the capital of and its neighborhoods Byzantine empire ------------------------------------------------------------------ The identification of London of 10-12th cc. with Constantinople was obtained above. Consequently, we see that these two cities again appear simultaneously inside a new chronological parallel. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 5. Harold II - English king - 5. Isaac II Angelus - Byzantine rules as legitimate heir. Harold emperor. He rules as legitimate is considered as Anglo-Saxon king of the empire king ([11],p.244) ------------------------------------------------------------------ 6. He ruled about 9 months (no 6. He ruled about 1 year: 1203- more that 1 year). This is - -1204 A.D. This is his second rule "the Second Harold". "The First on emperor throne. The first time Harold" (Harefoot) ruled before: it was in 1185-1195 A.D. As we 1036-1039. The periods of rule noted above, his first rule was for Harold II and Isaac II possible reflected in English (about 1 year) coincide history as the rule of Harold I ------------------------------------------------------------------ 7. Number II in the title 7. Number II in the title of of Harold II Isaac II ------------------------------------------------------------------ 8. "Anglo-Saxon" = Angelus SX 8. "Angelus Isaac" = Angelus SC (Sax) or Angelus SC (SK) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Practically the same titles included in the complete name. About the name Harold we will speak later ------------------------------------------------------------------ 9. William I (1066-1087) - 9. Theodore (Tudor ?) I Lascaris English king, beginning the new (1204-1222) - Byzantine emperor. dynasty. He ruled 21 years. Both He ruled 18 years and he also rulers has the same number I in started a new dynasty. Sometimes their dynastic streams as the 1st year of his rule is considered 1208 A.D. ------------------------------------------------------------------ It is likely that English name Tudor (royal family that ruled England 1485-1603) is the variant of Byzantine name Theodore. William accedes to the English throne as a result of the war. The story of Theodore Lascaris is similar - he accedes the Byzantine throne during the violent epoch of 4th crusade. It turns out that in the beginning of written political biography of William I were also inserted the facts from the life of Villehardouin - the well-known person of crusade's epoch, who acts in the beginning of the political biography of Theodore Lascaris. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 10. William the Conqueror - as 10. Villehardouin - the head of enemy of Harold - begins the crusaders Council - the enemy of campaign against Harold to take Isaac II Angelus. Villehardouin the power and throne. He invaded is, of course, the Conqueror, who into England from outside as the invades from outside in Byzantine "enemy force" with great army empire with a great army (with others leaders of crusaders) ------------------------------------------------------------------ Let us comment the possible similarity and identification of the names of these historical personages. It is quite clear that impossible to expect and to find here the EXACT identity of the names. (In the case of exact identity, the traditional historians certainly can identify the corresponding events). But here, in our case, we compare two groups of chronicles, which were written about the same event, but in different languages, inside different historical schools, and, possible, in different geographical regions. It is likely, that the authors of both versions (created in 15-16th cc.) were not the eyewitnesses of this war. Each of them was based on some old documents surviving from the 13th century. These documents were written in a brief manner, without vowels, in primitive old language and it was extremely complicated to understand their sense and meaning. The later chroniclers of 15-17th cc. tried to reconstruct the real picture of ancient events basing on these old texts. During this restoration the individual fragments of the ancient names sometimes were mixed, sometimes go from one name to another an so on. In our case we have: William the Conqueror and Anglo-Sax (Saxon) Harold II from one side, and Villehardouin and Angelus Isaac II, from another side (in Byzantine version). It is clear, that William is similar to Ville, and Harold - to Hardouin. As`a result, we obtain the following table: William --- Villi Conqueror --- Conqueror Normandy --- Roman (?) Harold --- Hardouin number II --- number II Anglo-Sax --- Angel Isaac. It is hard to doubt that here we see the reflection and duplication of the same real ancient names, but distorted after filtration through the language of different chroniclers (of different historical schools). Of course, these "linguistic parallels" cannot serve as serious arguments. Nevertheless, the simultaneous appearance of extremely similar names in the left and in the right columns of the table points out on some important effect, because (let us recall) we compare two historical streams using the rigid chronological shift, and the discovered parallel lasts already several hundreds years! ------------------------------------------------------------------ 11. The war begins from the 11. Crusaders arrived in Byzantine invasion of large military fleet empire on the fleet and landed and from the landing of the army on the coast of empire on the coast of the country ------------------------------------------------------------------ 12. Roman pope supported the 12. Roman pope agreed with crusade invasion (but wordly, "asked to spare" the Christian relics ------------------------------------------------------------------ 13. Appeal of William to the 13. Appeal of Villehardouin to kings of Europe for the help. As the ambassadors of different a result, his army was collected European countries ([25],p.160). from the people of different 4th crusade was an "international nations (see above) and is action": the army was consisted characterized as "the crowd of of French, Germans, Italians and adventurers" many others ------------------------------------------------------------------ Commentary. By the way, the medieval sources of 4th crusade constantly repeat that it was "march on the Babylon" ([25],p.161) (!). But, according to conjecture of traditional historians (belonging to the Scaliger's chronological school), the Babylon was completely destroyed many hundreds years ago and was not restored after this fall. Contradiction! The modern commentators try to find "the solution" (of this unpleasant problem) in the following way: "Here is meant (by the name of Babylon - Auth.) the Egyptian town Cairo, which was called in the West as Babylon" ([25],p.161). From the other hand, as we already know, Cairo - Cair = CR (without vowels) means simply "city", "town" in Britts language and is the evident variation of the name "King Town" = "Tzar Town" = "ZR Town" = "CR Town", i.e. CONSTANTINOPLE, which was called (it is well known !) also as Tzar-Grad = Tzar-Town = CR-Town. But it is exactly the goal of crusaders - to capture Constantinople. Thus, we see that medieval chronicles called Constantinople also as Babylon! The another confirmation of this identification see in [1]. ----------------------------------------------------------------- 14. Death of Harold II in this 14. Death of Isaac II the Angelus war during the war ([15],p.164) ----------------------------------------------------------------- In the end of our analysis, let us note one interesting identification. Morozov in [19] obtained an astronomical dating for the horoscope described in the well-known biblical book Revelation (Apocalypse). See details in [19] or [24]. He obtained two astronomical solutions: 395 A.D. and 1249 A.D. Several arguments show that the second solution 1249 A.D. is better (from astronomical point of view) than the first one. It is supposed today that this book predicts the Doomsday, Day of Judgment, and was written by John - the pupil of Jesus Christ - somewhere in Roman Empire. This book effected the great impression among the population of empire. Now let us note that the date 1249 A.D. is sufficiently close to the beginning of Byzantine empire No.3. Consequently, it is natural to expect that in old English chronicles, which (as we see) reflect the events from Byzantine empire, will be mentioned some "book about Doomsday, Day of Judgment", possible, in the epoch of William I. It is remarkable, that this our prediction is confirmed in a very clear form. In any textbook in English history of this epoch you can find the separate chapter or section with the title something like: "The Book of Doomsday". For example, the chapter with exactly this title exists in the textbook [11]. In the monograph [7] you also can see the section with the title "Domesday Book". Of course, today historians try to assure us that this is not the Apocalypse Book, but quite different, another book - the general land-book which registered the land property in the medieval England of this time and was created as a result of general census in 1086 A.D. But nevertheless, the same historians indicate the parallel between this "Domesday Book" and Apocalypse = "Doomsday Book". They tell us the following: "All people have in Domesday Book an open account, as in the Great Doomsbook, the Great Book of Day of Judgment" ([7],p.345). Under chronological 100- or 120-year shift the astronomical date of creating the biblical Doomsday Book = Apocalypse is transported from 1249 A.D. approximately in 1129 A.D., which is close to 1086 A.D. - to the date of "Domesday census of people in England". Thus, we can add one more item in our table of historical parallels. ------------------------------------------------------------------ 15. The Domesday Book in England 15. Apocalypse = Doomsday Book in in 1086 A.D. 1249 A.D. (Rome, Byzantine empire) ------------------------------------------------------------------ In the end of our analysis we can say, that written history of island Anglia = England (we mean here documents which survived to our time) starts in reality not from the brief and dim records about some small tribes (as it was supposed in traditional history), but from the fundamental events in the life of great nations of medieval world on the territory of Byzantine empire, Europe and Asia. In particular, the old English chronicles tell us not about some unknown kings , but about great rulers and emperors of large empires, which sometimes were at violent wars and enriched each others in a peaceful time. 5.16. Medieval Russia from the point of view of English chronicles. When did apostle Paul write his message to galats and who they were? The following important corollary follows from these results. Now we need to look in a different way on the role of medieval Russia in the history of Europe and Asia. After chronological transport of events described in the old English chronicles from the "deep antiquity" into the medieval epoch of 10-14th cc. A.D., we see with some surprise that these chronicle very often speak about medieval Russia, about Scyths, about wars with Russian armies and so on. A lot of new information is added to the history of medieval Russia. Before this moment these data were artificially referred to another epochs, to another nations, to another geographical regions. The reader who is acquainted with the paper of A.T.Fomenko and G.V.Nosovskij "Chronology and general concept of Russian history", should realize that our analysis of English history adds many new arguments to the ideas developed in this our work. Let us recall briefly, that the basic idea of our "Russian paper" is as follows. In traditional history the so called Mongolian-Tatarian invasion is considered as the period when the Russia was conquered by foreign Mongols-Tatars (who came from the East and Asia to Russia). In our opinion "Mongolian-Tatarian epoch" (or "Mongols-Tatars-yoke") was simply specific period in the history of Russian state without any foreign invasion, when several different Russian regions were united (sometimes with wars) under the rule of one Russian dynasty (which was later called as Mongols-Tatars dynasty and was wrongly declared as "foreign dynasty of invaders"). In this specific epoch the country was ruled by Russian-Horde dynasty. In the base of this rule was military Horde - the professional Cossacks army, which guarded the state and controlled the order inside the country. Besides the military Horde, there was also the civil administration (princes, dukes). They leaned on Horde as on the military force to protect the order. The name "Mongolia" is in reality a little distorted Greek word "Megalion" which means "great" ("Great empire", "Great state"). Among the population of empire were, of course, Tatars (as it is today). Then, in the epoch of great disturbance and civil war of 16th century, the old Horde-Mongolian dynasty ("great dynasty") was defeated by new pretenders on the throne. As a result, the new Romanovs' dynasty was appeared on Russian throne. Their rule was based on quite another political principles. Then the previous Russian history was distorted by historians of Romanovs' epoch. The goal was clear - to ground and justify the non-legitimate usurpation of the throne by Romanovs. In particular, the epoch of Russian-"Megalion"-Horde dynasty was declared as the "epoch of bad foreign invasion", when, allegedly, the power was taken by "bad Mongol-Tatars". The details of this concept see in the work of Fomenko and Nosovskij. From this new point of view, we can conclude, that the reports of many Western chroniclers speaking about Mongols-Tatars are in reality the reports about medieval Megalion-Russian state and about its Megalion-Russian army which sometimes was at war with western neighbors. As we have noted, Russia often appeared in old English (and many others) chronicles as Ruthenia, or Rutenia, or Rusia (see above and [10]). "The interest to Russia in Anglia (England) was also induced by the event which deeply shocked the medieval Europe - by the invasion of Mongolian-Tatarian hordes... These records about the appearance of some unknown, terrible, violent and godless nation induced to the medieval chroniclers the idea about God's punishment for the human sins. The name of this nation interpreted as "the people from Tartar" "([10],p.10). It is supposed today that "the Mongolian-Tatarian yoke cutted Russia from another European nations for many years. And only in 16th century the relations between Russia and Anglia was restored again and these country "discovered each other" afresh...Practically all records about Russia, which were collected in English documentary sources before the end of 13th century, were forgotten... In geographical chronicle of Rodger Barlou (written about 1540-1541 A.D.), the location of Russia is described extremely dim and unclear, somewhere near "Sarmatian mountains" and "Gircania mountains" "([10],p.12). In our opinion, this "the wall of silence" can be at least partially explained by the deep difference between European principles of organization of the states and Russian structure of Megalion-Horde state at this epoch. This difference determined also the military confrontation between Russia and the West. Besides this, there are arguments showing that all these stories of English chronicles about "bad Mongols-Tatars who invaded in Russia and threaten to the West", are of very late origin and are dated, most likely, by 16-17th centuries. At this time the distorted version of Russian history was already established and was appeared "the theory" which declared the epoch of Russian Megalion-Horde dynasty as "foreign yoke". Let us take the medieval English chronicles and read them. What they tell us about Russia = Ruthenia? For example, Bartholomaeus Anglicus writes as follows (our translation): Ruthia, or Ruthena is the province of Moesia (Mesiae) and is located on the boundary of Asia Minor, then it is bounded by Roman area in the East, by Gothia in the North, by Pannonia in the West, and by Greece in the South. The land is huge, and the language is the same as for Bohemians and Slavs. One part of this land is called Galacia (Galatia) and its people were called in the past as Galats (Galaths). One speaks that Apostle Paul sent to them his message ([28]; see also [10],p.85). Here the original Latin text: "Ruthia, sive Ruthena, quae et Mesiae est provincia, in Minoris Asiae confinio constituta Romanorum terminos est habens ab oriente, Gothiam a septentrione, Pannoniam ab occidente, Graeciam vero a meridie. Terra quidem est maxima concordans cum Bohemis et Sclavis in ideomate et lingua. Haec autem quadam parte sui Galacia est vocata et eius incolae quandam Galathae vocabantur, quibus dicitur Paulus Apostolus direxisse epistolam. Quaere supra Galacia." ([28]; also [10],p.77). This well-known medieval texts was commented by many scientists. It is supposed today that Mesia - Moesia is the medieval Germany ([10],p.93), and that Ruthia - Ruthena is the Russia (see above). Besides this, it is known that "under the name Galacia (Gallacia) Bartholomaeus Anglicus means Galicko-Volynsko-Russia" ([10],p.91). But, the report of this old chronicle about the message Apostle Paul to these Russian Galats living in the Galicko-Volynsko-Russia (Galaths), immediately induces the explosion of a fair indignation of the modern historian. And it is quite clear! About one thousand years (according to traditional Scaliger's chronology) separates the evangelic Apostle Paul from these medieval events (described by Bartholomaeus Anglicus). As the strong verdict (without any hesitations) sounds the following formula-sentence: "New Testament really contains the "Message to the Galatians" of Apostle Paul, but of course this message has no relation with Galicko-Volynsko-Russia" ([10],p.93). In our short statistical chronology this situation becomes very natural. The epoch of Jesus Christ is 11th century A.D.. Consequently, the Galatians of the New Testament, i.e., the addressees of Apostle Paul, certainly can be the inhabitant of Galicko-Volynsko-Russia. The next record of 13th century in the Annales Melrosenses (South Scotland) is considered today as most earlier (in English sources) report about "Mongols-Tatars-invasion": "Now at first time the rumor appeared in our Land, that the godless horde of Tartari many countries ruined..." ([29]; see also [10],p.98-99). Here is the original Latin text: "Hic primo auditur in terra nostra, quod nefandus exercitus Tartareorum multas terras vastavit..." ([29]; also [10],p.98-99). By the way, we see again, that some English chronicles of 13th century (for example, the Chronica Monasterii Sancti Edmundi) are sure that Russia is an ISLAND: "The godless tribe, which is called Tartarins, and which was rushed up from an ISLANDS, filled the whole surface of the earth, ruined Hungary with neighboring areas" ([30]; see also [10],p.101). Here is the original Latin text: "Gens nafanda dicta Tartarins que nuper de insulis ebulliens superficiem terre impleuerat Hungariam cum adiacentibus regionibus deuastat" ([30]; also [10],p.101). But we discussed above the idea that most likely the chronicles mean here simply Asia-Land. This name certainly can be applied to the Russia (from the point of view of western chroniclers). By the way, the name ASIA is possibly the variant of the name Jesus = Isa. In this case Asia-Land means simply Jesus-Land = Isa-Land. What we can think about the following records in English and European chronicles, devoted to well-known Mongolian ruler - Chingiz-Khan: "Under the name Chirkam (in Latin text - Cliyrcam...) ... was mentioned Chingiz-Khan, called in Russian chronicles as Chanogiz and Chigizakon, and in another European sources called also as Gurgatan, Cecarcarus, Zingiton, Ingischam, Tharsis, DAVID, PRESBYTER IOHANNES and so on ([10],p.185). This is the commentary to the English chronicle: Annales de Burton (13th century A.D.). We hope that our reader will think about this really strange (in the frame of traditional chronology) fact that old chronicles named famous Chingiz-Khan as DAVID and PRESBYTER IOANNES ! It is impossible to quote here all fragments from many old English chronicles speaking about menacing danger which arose over the Europe from the side of Mongols-Tatars-Horde [10]. Let us restrict ourselves by the following final fragment. Aethicus = Ethicus Istricus, who lived in 3rd c.A.D. (according to conjecture of modern historians), "tells us about the godless nation which was originated by Gog and Magog. And Alexander the Great Macedonian fight ed with Gog and Magog. "This nation, - continues Aethicus, - will produce a gr